if ($newQuantity > $product['stock']) $newQuantity = $product['stock'];

: Prevents users from trying to add fractional quantities (like 2. Server-Side Validation: Trust, but Verify

$availableStock = $productModel->getStock($productId); if ($qty > $availableStock) // Optionally suggest available amount throw new OutOfStockException("Only $availableStock items in stock.");

On the PHP side, instead of a traditional redirect, you json_encode() your response, outputting success/error messages and the updated total number of items in the cart. 5. Architectural Best Practices: Sessions vs. Database

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