// Example snippet inside the main loop HAL_ADC_Start(&hadc1); if (HAL_ADC_PollForConversion(&hadc1, 100) == HAL_OK) uint32_t raw_value = HAL_ADC_GetValue(&hadc1); float voltage = (raw_value * 3.3f) / 4095.0f; // 12-bit resolution conversion char msg[30]; sprintf(msg, "Voltage: %.2f V\r\n", voltage); HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart1, (uint8_t*)msg, strlen(msg), 100); HAL_ADC_Stop(&hadc1); HAL_Delay(500); // Read twice per second Use code with caution. Conclusion and Next Steps
When integrating the STM32F103 into a complete embedded system design, engineer-level considerations must go beyond writing simple code: the stm32f103 arm microcontroller and embedded systems pdf
// Toggle Pin 13 of GPIO Port C HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(GPIOC, GPIO_PIN_13); HAL_Delay(500); // 500 ms delay Use code with caution. // 12-bit resolution conversion char msg[30]
Thousands of open-source libraries are available on GitHub, covering everything from OLED displays to complex PID motor controllers. 5. Practical Applications The STM32F103 is found in a staggering array of projects: "Voltage: %.2f V\r\n"