Understand how light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and phototransistors isolate high-voltage power circuits from low-voltage microcontrollers.
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+------+ Error +------------+ Control Signal +---------+ | Ref |--->(O)--->| Controller |------------------->| Process |---+---> Output +------+ ^ | (PID) | +---------+ | | +------------+ | | | +----------------- Sensor / Feedback -----------------+ PID Controller Mathematical Formulation The controller output is computed based on the error industrial electronics n6 study guide hot